Religion in its various forms is very strong in Nigeria. In other words, Nigerian people are very religious most of them believe that there is an unseen supernatural world, apart from the natural world we see around us. This other world is inhabited by beings who are the source of our knowledge of good and evil. They watch and judge us, and if we offend them they may have to be appeased with prayers and sacrifices. Certain individuals in the natural in the natural world-priests, prophets and diviners- are believed to be endowed with special powers to make contact with the other world. These individuals lay down ceremonies or rituals which must be observed if due honour is to be paid to the unseen beings. The religious belief and practices of Nigerians can be classified under three main headings: Traditional religion, Islam and Christianity. In this passage, our focus is on traditional religion.
Traditional or indigenous religion continues to exert a strong influence on many people’s mind partly because of its association with their birth places and families. Each ethnic group has its own religious traditional and these are often linked to some sacred spots in the ethnic homeland. Yet the various traditional religions have much in common: a remote but benevolent high god; under him, a number of lesser gods who interact with mankind; and below them various spirits who inhabit natural objects (trees, streams, rock, etc); below them again, and closest to living men and women, the spirits of the ancestors.
In the Yoruba tradition, for example, there are more than 400 lesser deities presided over by the high god, olorun. Because he is remote from mankind, shrines are not built to him and worship is not offered to him directly. The lesser gods, on the other hand, are the subject of special cults, each with its own priests and devotees. Eshu, the messenger of the gods; lfa, the god of divination; Shango, the god of thunder, and so on. Traditional religion was also strong in other parts of Nigeria. In lgbo Traditional religion, there were fewer gods. Although there was a remote high god, the most important figure was Ala or Ani, the goddess of the earth. In Hausaland, traditional religion has largely gone underground owing to the influence of lslam, but belief in the existence of ‘Bori’ spirits and their power to possess people, especially woman, is strong in some areas. Each spirit is associated with certain type of behaviou, which is manifested by the possessed individual
Divination – the discovery of what is unknown or is yet to happen by supernatural or magical means – is an important element of traditional religion. It is often one of the functions of medicine – men or herbalists. In lgboland, there also used to be several oracles which people consulted in order to seek solutions to their problems. With the coming of Christianity, their influence has however waned, but in areas like Arochukwu and Okija, the influence of such oracles is still strongly felt.

1. From the passage, one can say that all the ethnic groups have

• A. different traditional religion with some elements of similarities
• B. completely different religious practices
• C. the same traditional religion
• D. the same religious manifestation with common deities

2. According to the first paragraph, Nigerians believe that the

• A. supernatural and natural work co-exist
• B. natural and supernatural worlds are antagonistic
• C. supernatural world control natural world
• D. supernatural world exploits the natural world

3. Traditional religion has waned in Nigerian to the

• A. influence of lslam over border
• B. influence of Christianity over location
• C. influence of non- traditional religion
• D. decline of interest in traditional religions

4. Which factor is common to religions as mentioned in the passage

• A. prayer only
• B. divination
• C. sac
• D. ritual

Recent literary researches reveal that Nigerians hardly have time to read . In essence, the reading culture in Nigeria is now at a low ebb. It is disturbing, however, that few Nigerians that read concentrate more on foreign books than indigenous productions. Most Nigerian authors of novels, storybooks, fictions and non-fiction series have decried, on different, occasions, their woes. The were bitter at the way most owners of bookshops and publishers treat them. It was gathered to stock foreign books. when contacted by DAILY INDEPENDENT, the general manager of a popular bookstore on Lagos lsland declared that most of the bookshops preferred to stock foreign books because of higher demands for them. The question that bothers most Nigerian authors is , while their overseas counterparts are being rewarded with great international honours, why are Nigerians not according them such recognition in their own country?

Recently, “Nigerian novelist, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, won the 2007 Orange Prize Award, the literary world’s top award for fiction in English written by women. The award carries a prize tag of $30,000 it was reported in Publishers Weekly, Half of a Yellow Sun, the book that earned her the award, was profoundly gripping. According to the reviewer, the book is a transcendent novel of many descriptive triumphs, most notably its diction of the impact of war brutalities on peasants and intellectuals alike. It is searing history in fictional form, intensely evocative and immensely absorbing. Chinua Achebe, ‘Father of Modern African Literature, also won the second ever Man Booker International Prize of £60,000 with his first novel Things Fall Apart, published in 1958. When Professor Wole Syinka won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986, the fame confirmed the relevance of Nigerians in the world of classical excellence. Ben Okri won the 1991 Booker Prize with his work, The Famished Road, and the world celebrated Nigeria as the giant of Africa.

It was also , gathered that most of the publishers hurriedly produce books and in the process marred their good contents. Most of the books are not properly edited and eventually become substandard when compared with foreign products. The extent to which book publishing standard has fallen in Nigeria alarming. Often Nigerian publishers have been blamed for this. It is instructive that none of the books mentioned had been published in Nigeria. It was discovered that most students in tertiary institution depend on dictations from their lectures and /or handouts. A science lecturer in one of the Nigeria universities, who had been a victim of handout sales scandal, told DAILY INDEPENDENT the reality of campus challenges in relation to books; I was forced to dictate notes slowly to students who hung on my every word in the absence of textbooks in a library that had, to all intent and purpose, stopped buying new books when the local currency was devalued. But what other alternative does one have?

Adapted from DAILY INDEPENDENT, Monday, 20 August, 2007

5. It can be inferred from the passage that

• A. Nigerians have access to foreign books only
• B. Nigerian undergraduates do not read text books
• C. Nigerians read foreign and indigenous books alike
• D. Nigerians read mostly foreign books

6. The reason for lack of indigenous books in most renowned bookshop, according to the passage, is

• A. Nigerians prefer reading foreign books
• B. foreign books attract more buyers
• C. indigenous books are sometimes not available
• D. the low quality of indigenous books

7. The expression…..”that earned her the award is profoundly gripping”, as used in the passage, means that the book is

• A. highly interesting and captures attention
• B. is of high quality to the writer
• C. attracts many indigenous and foreign readers
• D. is widely acknowledged by many authors

8. The university science lecturer gives his reason for issuing handout as

• A. lack of teaching aids among students
• B. low purchasing power
• C. low quality of books
• D. lack of sufficient time

9. A suitable title for this passage is

• A. Nigerian Literary Writers
• B. Nigerian Publishers and International Awards
• C. Poor Reading Culture in Nigeria
• D. Why Nigeran Lecturers Sell Handouts

10. In the question below, choose the option opposite in meaning to the word or phrase underlined.

The presidential system is an antidote to some political ailments.

• A. an answer
• B. an inquiry
• C. a reply
• D. an obstacle

1 A

2 C

3 C

4 B

5 D

6 B

7 C

8 B

9 C

10. D